Lecture 22：分裂结构

22.0 引入

三类特殊结构

第一节：分裂结构
第二节：嵌套结构
第三节：平行结构
就是基于普通的长难句，加上一些变化；
只需要现针对特殊结构做一些处理，然后处理完成之后还是【断开】+【简化】

22.1 什么是分裂结构

分裂结构

概述：
原本正常、连贯的句子，加上其他内容，使得其变成了分裂结构；
核心：
找到分裂，还原连贯；
方法：
把造成分裂的内容找到，将其还原成连贯的，接下来继续按照分析长难句的方法正常分析；
1. 插入式分裂结构：把插入的内容去掉（重点），通常会使用两个标点符号隔出来；
2. 从句后移式的分裂结构：把后移的内容往前提；

22.2 插入式分裂结构

22.2.1 同位语、插入语造成的分裂结构

同位语与插入语

同位语：解释、说明前面的名词；
插入语：从结构上，插入到句子当中进行解释的；
但是：分析长难句时，不需要区分它们两个。只要认出插入的成分即可；
特征：
经常出现的成对的标点；

举例

Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of NationalAdvertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industrycannot collect information about their preferences.
两个标点中间分割出来的一段是插入语，表示解释前面的人名 -> 补充说明背景信息；
把这段去掉后，内容是连贯的：
Bob Liodice … says consumers will be worse off if the industrycannot collect information about their preferences.
数谓语动词：
say、will be、cannot collect
连接词：if
分析主谓：
Bob Liodice … says consumers will be worse off
主谓主谓结构；
断开后：
Bob Liodice … says
consumers will be worse off
然后分析完后，再将同位语、插入语拿回来，继续看；
These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.
去除掉插入语 they say；
These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields and they want to use their wealth to draw attention tothose who have succeeded in science.
分析谓语动词：
have succedded
want
have succeeded
可以断开成三段：
连接词：and、who
These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields
and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those
Who have succeeded in science.
Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, accordingto the two-step flow theory, are supposed to drive socialepidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.

22.2.2 从句插入造成分裂

概念

状语从句三种位置：
前面、后面、中间；
翻译成前面、后面都可以，一般可以翻译成前面比较顺；

举例

Peter Hardy, who sympathies with the views of the energy sector, is resisting proposed changes to science standards forpre-teen pupils.
插入部分： who sympathies with the views of the energy sector
断开：
Peter Hardy…is resisting proposed changes to sciencestandafds for pre-teen pupils.
who sumpathies with the views of the enerqy sector
Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if itsstability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.
Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community
and… they are entitled to continuance.
if itsstability depends on its integrity
Branch points out that, even if a growing number of officialguidelines and textbooks reflect scientific consensus on climatechange, unofficial educational materials that convey more biasedperspectives are being distributed to teachers.
Branch points out
that … unofficial educational materials … are being distributedto teachers.
that convey more biased perspectives
,even if a growing number of official guidelines and textbooksreflect scientific consensus on climate change.

22.3 从句后移式分裂结构

举例

Contrary to the descriptions on record, no systematic evidence was found that levels of productivity were related to changes inlighting.
从句：levels of productivity were related to changes inlighting -> 解释说明前面的 evidence -> 从句被后移到了 was found 后背；
移回来之后：
Contrary to the descriptions on record, no systematic evidence that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting was found.
In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more Than 300 business method patents...
其中在 noted 和从句之间间隔了 in a court filing；
因此可以前移：
In 2005, IBM noted that it had been issued more than 300 business method patents in a court filing...

22.4 真题演练

举例

What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would mimic the way humans think, continues to evade scientists
插入造成的分裂结构；
句子连贯起来：
What is being called artificial general intelligence... Continues to evade scientists.
evade：逃避、使... 困惑（这道题用的是这个）
插入部分：
machines that would mimic the way humans think -> 解释 artificial general intelligence 这个名词；
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatenedand, if we happen to love it, we invent excuses to give iteconomic importance.
noneconomic：没有经济价值的；
插入的内容：条件状语从句
当没有经济价值的种类是受到威胁时，我们就会给他一个借口，让它有经济价值；
Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today's people-especially those born to familieswho have lived in the U.S.for many generations-apparentlyreached their limit in the early 1960 s.
especially those born to familieswho have lived in the U.S.for many generations -> 解释说明 today's people 这个名词，限定意思；
Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouragedto exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guiltyverdicts.
从句：that witnesses might be encouragedto exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guiltyverdicts -> 本来是用于解释 concerns 担心的；
但是被后移到了 were raised 后背；
往前移：
Concerns that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate Their stories in court to ensure quilty verdicts were raised
This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements ofFuturist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature.
This -> 主语 -> 后背的内容是插入的
主句：this can hardlu be classed as Literature
从句：though it fulfills the laws and requirements ofFuturist poetry -> 解释为什么很难；
If connections can be bought, a basic premise ofdemocratic societythat all are equal in treatment by is undermined government
One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oilprices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970 s, it has notoccurred against the background of general commodity-priceinflation and global excess demand.