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Lecture 18:断开长难句之标点

考研英语学习笔记:Lecture 18:断开长难句之标点。保留原始公式、图示与例题。

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18.0 引言

如何分析长难句

  • 第一章:基本结构的长难句分析
  • 第二章:特殊结构的长难句分析

18.1 基本结构的长难句

18.1.1 什么是长难句分析

长难句分析

  • 原理:
  • $$长难句(多个句子、多件事) \quad-(断开)->\quad 简单句(一个句子、一件事) \quad-(简化)->\quad 简单句的核心(一件事的核心内容)$$

18.1.2 如何断开长难句

核心:如何断开

  • 原理:
  • 从哪里连的、从哪里断
  • 方法:
  • 1. 找标点;
  • 2. 找连接词;
  • 3. 分析主谓;

18.2 断开长难句 - 标点

三类标点

  • 1. 逗号;
  • 2. 冒号;
  • 3. 分号;
  • 不常出现:4. 破折号;

18.2.1 逗号

逗号

  • 概念:
  • 通常逗号不会单独出现,经常是加了连接词之后,跟着一起出现;
  • 注意:
  • 1. 例外情况 -> 并列举当中,可能 and 会换成逗号单独出现;
  • 2. 标点使用的前提:必须接的是句子,而不是连词,连词中的逗号不可以表示断开;

举例

  • The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain howideas actually spread.
  • 逗号+but:but 为连接词,表示转折;
  • 第一次断开:用逗号断
  • 1. The idea is intuitively compelling
  • 2. but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.
  • 这里还有谓语动词;
  • 可以再通过连接词 how 来断开;
  • 第二次断开:
  • 1. The idea is intuitively compelling
  • 2. but it doesn't explain
  • 3. how ideas actually spread.
  • 其中 2 当中包了一个 3,3 作为宾语从句,对explain进行解释;

18.2.2 冒号

冒号

  • 含义:
  • 中文:某人说;
  • 英语:进一步的解释说明;
  • 概念:
  • 1. 冒号一般不需要加连接词,它自己就可以当连接词用;
  • 2. 表示后面对前面内容的解释说明;

举例

  • It's hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to wantchildren just because Reese and Angelina make it look soglamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.
  • 有冒号,所以至少可以分成两句话;
  • 第一次断开:
  • 1. It's hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to wantchildren just because Reese and Angelina make it look soglamorous:
  • 2. most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.
  • 一件事的核心是谓语动词,所以当前可以数谓语动词,知道是讲的几件事情;
  • 五个谓语动词,所以可以断开成五段;
  • 第二次断开:根据连接词
  • 1. It's hard to imagine
  • it 指向 to imagine,to imagine 作为主语;
  • 2. that many people are dumb enough to wantchildren just
  • 宾语从句,指代 to imagine;
  • just 修饰 because ;
  • 3. because Reese and Angelina make it look soglamorous:
  • 原因状语从句;
  • 4. most adults understand
  • 冒号后的内容表示进一步的解释说明
  • 5. that a baby is not a haircut

18.2.3 分号

分号

  • 含义:
  • 并列;
  • 概念:
  • 表示并列;
  • 句子一;句子二;句子三;
  • 也可以代表连接词用,就当作 and 用;

举例

  • Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale thanin retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector isgrowing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.
  • 基于分号断开;
  • 第一次断开:
  • 1. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail
  • moreover:表示递进的表达,如第一点、第二点、第三点...
  • 2. wholesale demand from the food service sector isgrowing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often
  • as:引出原因:欧洲人出门吃更频繁了;
  • 3. and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate
  • 句子很长。可以找一下有几个谓语动词;
  • 唯一的谓语动词 -> are ... Making;
  • 句子长的原因 -> 介词短语连接
  • 分析:
  • 短句:changes are making it feasibkle to consoldate
  • 介词:of this fragmented industry 在零碎的市场中
  • 介词:in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry 在这零碎的竞争的市场中;
  • 介词:it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate