Lecture 14：状语从句

14.1 状语从句基础概念

14.1.1 什么是状语从句

状语从句概述

概述：
一个句子作为状语；
状语：
状：不可名状 -> 没有办法用语言来描述；
所以状：表示解释、描述；
状语从句：
一个句子作状语，表达“描述性的信息”，补充说明另一个句子（主句）；
补充信息的描述可以是时间、结果、地点等；

14.1.2 状语从句的写法

状语从句的结构

结构：
从属连词：
1. 后背的句子是完整的陈述句，简单就可以写出来；
2. 从属连词表示什么意思，这句话就表达什么意思；

举例

When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn't have the capital to do so.
前面的 When the United States built its industrial infrastructure 用于补充说明后背的"没有能力做这件事"；
这里的 when 构成时间状语从句；
We did not evolve, because machines and societu did it for us.
因为由 because 连接，所以表示原因状语从句；

14.1.3 状语从句的位置

状语从句的位置：围绕着主句，可以在主句的前面、后面、中间，意思一样，使用时推荐使用主句前和主句中；

三种位置之：主句前

As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.
As 引出的时间状语从句；

三种位置之：主句后

Opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders, as the economy picks up.

三种位置之：主句中

Opportunities, as the economy picks up, will abound for aspiring leaders.

14.2 状语从句的分类

九种分类

时间状语从句
地点状语从句
原因状语从句
结果状语从句
目的状语从句
条件状语从句
让步状语从句
比较状语从句
方式状语从句

概念：状语从句的分类，和后背的句子没什么关系，主要就是看前面的从属连词。从属连词使用什么，就属于什么状语从句；

14.2.1 时间状语从句

时间状语从句：

when / while /as
before / after
Since / until
As soon as
By the time
each time /every thme
The next time

举例

But in some cases, one marketer's owned media become another marketer's paid media-for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.
但在某些情况下，一个营销人员的自有媒体会成为另一个营销人员的付费媒体——例如，当电子商务零售商在其网站上出售广告位时；
这里的 when 引出时间状语从句；
In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling
Communities throughout New England have been attempting to regulate short-term rentals since sites like Airbnb took off in the 2010 s.
自从像 Airbnb 这种网站起飞后；
...by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late.

14.2.2 地点状语从句

地点状语从句：where

举例

Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before.

14.2.3 原因状语从句

原因状语从句：

because
Since
As
Now that
In that：因为...

举例

However, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate according to mental effort.
because：原因状语从句
Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outlineyou have made.

14.2.4 结果状语从句

结果状语从句：注意不是一个词，而是词组

such… that….
后面接名词与名词词组；
So… that…
后面接形容词、副词；
So that….
表示所以；

举例

We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.
traffic：即可表示交通，也可以表示流量（明星、商品）
so 后背接形容词：strong；
Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.

14.2.5 目的状语从句

目的状语从句：一般表示目的的时候，句子当中会有情态动词 -> 表示一种可能性，而不是结果，所以使用 so that 的时候是目的状语从句而不是结果状语从句；

so that…..
In order that…..

举例

In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a“do not track”(DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.
so that + could：表示目的状语从句；

14.2.6 条件状语从句

条件状语从句：

if
unless：如果不、除非
once
as long as / so long as

举例

If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society... Is undermined
The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an “important” policy interest.
If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don't get caught.

14.2.7 让步状语从句

让步状语从句：让步 -> 明着的意思是让步，暗含着的是转折的意思；虽然...、尽管... + 但是...

although / though
even if / even though
while

举例

The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.
even though：尽管 IQ 测试并没有被给出、和过去相比一样的频繁；
While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.
尽管法律的记录质量差异很大，但它们都依靠法律记者对他们基于一样法律的解释；

12.2.8 比较状语从句

比较状语从句：

than：用于比较级
as：专门用于同级比较

举例

But phones run on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize.
than 引出比较状语从句；
In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we've pretty much gone as far as we can go...

12.2.9 方式状语从句

方式状语从句：

as：按照... 方式做；
as if：似乎/好像是以... 方式做的；

举例

During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted. as the businessman takes his ethics.

总结：as 的使用

核心：作从属连词，引导状语从句；
分类：
时间状语从句：当……时候
原因状语从句：因为……
比较状语从句：和……相比较
方式状语从句：按照……方式，如同……

14.3 总结

状语从句的概述

(1)状语从句的含义: 一个句子作状语，表达描述性的信息。

(2)状语从句的写法: 从属连词+一个完整的陈述句。

(3)状语从句的位置: 主句前、主句后、主句中。

状语从句的分类共九种，属于哪种类型，取决于从属连词的含义；